The name gammadion comes from its being seen as being made up of four Greek gamma (Γ) letters. Rechercher Il y a 2 les ... Longueur; swastika: 8 lettres: svastika: 8 lettres: Qu'est ce que je vois? [109], Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artifacts from Iron Age Europe. 1. The original design of the collar, decorated with 9 swastikas, dates from 1918 and was designed by the artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela. He also stated: "As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. "[157], The swastika was also understood as "the symbol of the creating, effecting life" (das Symbol des schaffenden, wirkenden Lebens) and as "race emblem of Germanism" (Rasseabzeichen des Germanentums). [25], The earliest known use of the word swastika is in Panini's Ashtadhyayi, which uses it to explain one of the Sanskrit grammar rules, in the context of a type of identifying mark on a cow's ear. A swastika generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle. Leur premier live se déroula le 22 avril 2006. On 15 March 2007, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) held that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", thereby settling the dispute for the future. [2], The swastika symbol is common in esoteric tantric traditions of Buddhism, along with Hinduism, where it is found with chakra theories and other meditative aids. "10,000-character"). At the Northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire, there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the Swastika Stone. Anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing noted that among the Pima the symbol of the four winds is made from a cross with the four curved arms (similar to a broken sun cross), and concludes "the right-angle swastika is primarily a representation of the circle of the four wind gods standing at the head of their trails, or directions". In Mongolian it is called Хас (khas) and mainly used in seals. ", "Megalithic Sites in England – Photo Archive", The swastika, the earlist known symbol and its migrations, The Mediterranean legacy in early Celtic Christianity: a journey from Armenia to Ireland, "Kolovrat – Historical Roots – Collection of articles", "Swastika signs on american advertisements and banners", "One of the World's Great Symbols Strives for a Comeback", "Flickr Album; "Probably the Best Photo's of Swastikas in the World, "Partiolippukunta Pitkäjärven Vaeltajat ry", "Finland's air force quietly drops swastika symbol", "Campaign site rautasormus.fi (campaign now closed)", "Latvia – Airforce Flag and Aircraft Marking", "Nozīme, Apvienotā Kara skola, 1938. gada izlaidums, Nr. La jeuness et la croix gammée La Propagande Une Affiche une feuille de papier « publique » la propagande est l'art de propager à grande échelle des informations, fausses ou non transmet des renseignements sous forme de texte (mots) ou d’images graphiques (symboles ou images) La [7][8] In Hinduism, the right-facing symbol (卐) is called swastika, symbolizing surya ("sun"), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (卍) is called sauwastika, symbolizing night or tantric aspects of Kali. His work was published in 1923, by a publishing house that was then based in the Dębniki district of Kraków. The swastika is a Navajo symbol for good luck, also translated to "whirling log". Musaeus College in Colombo, Sri Lanka, a Buddhist girls' school, has a left facing swastika in their school logo. The left facing sauwastika symbol is found in tantric rituals.[8]. [citation needed]. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia, the swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation. Examples given show that it is often used alongside other white supremacist symbols, such as those of the Ku Klux Klan, and note a "three-bladed" variation used by skinheads, white supremacists, and "some South African extremist groups". Chirality describes an absence of reflective symmetry, with the existence of two versions that are mirror images of each other. Broken sun cross. In the Western world, it was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck until the 1930s[4] when the right-facing tilted form became a feature of Nazi symbolism as an emblem of the Aryan race. La croix gammée est une croix avec quatre bras de longueur égale, les extrémités de chaque bras étant pliées à angle droit. The swastika often represented perpetual motion, reflecting the design of a rotating windmill or watermill. The swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious symbol used in the Indian subcontinent, East Asia and Southeast Asia.It is also known outside these regions as the Hakenkreuz, gammadion cross, cross cramponnée, croix gammée, fylfot, or tetraskelion.It generally takes the form of an equilateral cross with four legs each bent at 90 degrees. 卍 and 卐 characters. [165], As a result, all use of it, or its use as a Nazi or hate symbol, is prohibited in some countries, including Germany. It also appears as a design or motif (singularly or woven into a pattern) on textiles, architecture and various decorative objects as a symbol of luck and good fortune. Les pretresses de la croix gammee | KURT GERWITZ | ISBN: | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. There are also gold plate fibulae from the 8th century BCE decorated with an engraved swastika. It symbolized many things to the Europeans, with the most common symbolism being of good luck and auspiciousness. [98] A number of swastikas have been found embossed in Galician metal pieces and carved in stones, mostly from the Castro Culture period, although there also are contemporary examples (imitating old patterns for decorative purposes).[99][100]. The Nazis thus co-opted the sign as a symbol of the Aryan master race, although the use of the swastika as an Aryan symbol dates back to the late-19th century writings of Émile-Louis Burnouf. Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika. [49], Bob Kobres in his 1992 paper Comets and the Bronze Age Collapse contends that the swastika-like comet on the Han-dynasty silk comet manuscript was labeled a "long tailed pheasant star" (dixing) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or footprint,[50] the latter comparison also being drawn by J.F.K. The compact swastika can be seen as a chiral irregular icosagon (20-sided polygon) with fourfold (90°) rotational symmetry. According to the protocol, the president shall wear the Grand Cross of the White Rose with collar on formal occasions. Переводите текст из любого приложения или веб-сайта одним щелчком мыши, Результатов: 56. Trouvez guerre croix gammée en vente parmi une grande sélection de Collections sur eBay. Hilda Ellis Davidson theorized that the swastika symbol was associated with Thor, possibly representing his Mjolnir – symbolic of thunder – and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross. [72][73] It is one of the most common symbols on Mesopotamian coins.[8]. [27] According to Monier-Williams, a majority of scholars consider it a solar symbol. Françoise Morvan: Miliciens contre maquisards. [59][better source needed] In England, neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the symbol have been found on Ilkley Moor, such as the Swastika Stone. Reverence for the swastika symbol in Asian cultures, in contrast to the West's stigmatization of the symbol, has led to misinterpretations and misunderstandings. Ancient Greek architectural, clothing and coin designs are replete with single or interlinking swastika motifs. All content is shared by the community and free to download. The icon is also found as a sacred symbol in the Bon tradition, but in the left facing mode.[195][196]. [120][121] By the early 20th century, it was used worldwide and was regarded as a symbol of good luck and success. [167] In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. All of them show the swastika in their logos. A meander of connected swastikas makes up the large band that surrounds the Augustan Ara Pacis. [6][16][17], In Hindu and Buddhist cultures, the swastika is a holy symbol. [citation needed] In some countries, such as the United States (in the 2003 case Virginia v. Black), the highest courts have ruled that the local governments can prohibit the use of swastika along with other symbols such as cross burning, if the intent of the use is to intimidate others. by Bayle, Francois. À ce titre, son utilisation est bannie dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, tacitement ou légalement, comme en Allemagne.En effet, l'article 86a du code pénal allemand (Strafgesetzbuch On peut le décrire … Définition ou synonyme. [5] In the wake of widespread popular usage, in post-World War I Germany, the newly established Nazi Party formally adopted the swastika in 1920. © 2013-2020 Reverso Technologies Inc. Все права защищены. A proposed direct link between it and a swastika floor mosaic in the Cathedral of Our Lady of Amiens, which was built on top of a pagan site at Amiens, France in the 13th century, is considered unlikely. Pillow cover offered by the Girls' Club in The Ladies Home Journal in 1912, Fernie Swastikas women's hockey team, 1922, The Buffum tool company of Louisiana used the swastika as its trademark. [citation needed] During the Tang dynasty, Empress Wu Zetian (684–704) decreed that the swastika would also be used as an alternative symbol of the Sun. As with many neo-Nazi groups across the world, the American Nazi Party used the swastika as part of its flag before its first dissolution in 1967. [101] Related symbols in classical Western architecture include the cross, the three-legged triskele or triskelion and the rounded lauburu. [6], The German and Austrian postwar criminal code makes the public showing of the Hakenkreuz (the swastika), the sig rune, the Celtic cross (specifically the variations used by white power activists), the wolfsangel, the odal rune and the Totenkopf skull illegal, except for scholarly reasons. During the Bronze Age it was depicted on cauldrons, belts, medallions and other items. In the 19th century the swastika was one of the Russian Empire's symbols, and was used on coinage as a backdrop to the Russian eagle.[115][116]. J.-C.), crux est courant en latin et entre dans des locutions proverbiales ; il prend le sens de « torture morale » et, par métonymie, désigne le tourmenteur. Fylfot. Hewitt's observation on page 145 of Primitive Traditional History: vol. [22] It was derived from the Sanskrit term (Devanagari स्वस्तिक), which transliterates to svastika under the commonly used IAST transliteration system, but is pronounced closer to swastika when letters are used with their English values. The swastika symbol, 卐 (right-facing or clockwise) or 卍 (left-facing, counterclockwise, or sauwastika), is an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. Étymologie. According to painter Stanisław Jakubowski the "little sun" (Polish słoneczko) is an Early Slavic pagan symbol of the Sun, he claimed it was engraved on wooden monuments built near the final resting places of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life. From 1909 to 1916, the K-R-I-T automobile, manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, used a right-facing swastika as their trademark. Among various tribes, the swastika carries different meanings. Double-arm swastika Aztec swastika Written characters. The Red Swastika Society, which is the philanthropic branch of Guiyidao, runs two schools in Hong Kong (the Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tai Po Secondary School[197] and the Hong Kong Red Swastika Society Tuen Mun Primary School[198]) and one in Singapore (Red Swastika School). [158], The concept of racial hygiene was an ideology central to Nazism, though it is scientific racism. The Sun cult was the main Illyrian cult; the Sun was represented by a swastika in clockwise motion, and it stood for the movement of the Sun.[106]. It is used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. [88] Also it was present on icons, vestments and clerical clothing[89] but in World War II it was removed, having become by association a symbol of the German occupation. [96] An Ogham stone found in Anglish, Co Kerry, Ireland (CIIC 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and was decorated with a cross pattée and two swastikas. Swastikas also appear in art and architecture during the Renaissance and Baroque era. [53], The earliest known swastika is from 10,000 BCE – part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on a late paleolithic figurine of a bird, carved from mammoth ivory, found in Mezine, Ukraine. [187] It was "re-used" by successor organizations in 1983, without the publicity Rockwell's organization enjoyed. In Japanese the symbol is called "卍" (Hepburn: manji) or "卍字" (manji). [8] The counterclockwise sauwastika is less used; it connotes the night, and in tantric traditions it is an icon for the goddess Kali, the terrifying form of Devi Durga. "[18], In 2002, Christmas crackers containing plastic toy red pandas sporting swastikas were pulled from shelves after complaints from consumers in Canada. There have also been swastikas found on the floors of Pompeii. The tower they support is topped with a spire, in the middle of which is a swastika.[125]. [16][23][24], The word swasti occurs frequently in the Vedas as well as in classical literature, meaning "health, luck, success, prosperity", and it was commonly used as a greeting. To Jews and other victims and enemies of Nazi Germany, it became a symbol of antisemitism and terror. Les termes croix viennent du mot latin crux qui a le sens de « gibet », « potence ».. Selon le Robert historique de la langue française « Dès Plaute (254-184 av. Entsprechend werden NS-Hakenkreuze auch im Französischen oft Croix gammée genannt. [25][26] The final ka is a common suffix that could have multiple meanings. Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of Kush and on pottery at the Jebel Barkal temples,[60] in Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus (Koban culture), and in Neolithic China in the Majiabang[61] and Majiayao[62] cultures. [105], Swastika on a Greek silver stater coin from Corinth, 6th century BCE, The swastika was widespread among the Illyrians, symbolizing the Sun. The swastika remains a core symbol of neo-Nazi groups. [citation needed]. A swastika composed of Hebrew letters as a mystical symbol from the Jewish Kabbalistic work "Parashat Eliezer", Swastikas on the vestments of the effigy of Bishop William Edington (d. 1366) in Winchester Cathedral, The Victorian-era reproduction of the Swastika Stone on Ilkley Moor, which sits near the original to aid visitors in interpreting the carving, Swastikas can be seen in various African cultures. En dehors des pays occidentaux, la croix gammée est un symbole à la connotation positive. [citation needed] Their efforts have traced references to swastikas in the Vedas at about that time. Le svastika (parfois appelé par abus de langage la svastika au lieu de la croix en forme de svastika) 卐 ou 卍 tel qu'on le représente la plupart du temps, est un symbole religieux d'origine aryenne et indo-européenne. [50], In Native American culture, particularly among the Pima people of Arizona, the swastika is a symbol of the four winds. [133], In December 2007, a silver replica of the World War II-period Finnish air defence's relief ring decorated with a swastika became available as a part of a charity campaign.[134]. Croix gammée en 8 lettres. The symbol was first seen in his collection of Early Slavic symbols and architectural features, which he named Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne (Polish: Early Slavic Architectural Motifs). This insignia was used on the party's flag, badge, and armband. The swastika was also used by the Finnish Air Force until 1945, and is still used on air force flags. In Chinese and Japanese art, the swastika is often found as part of a repeating pattern. A ceiling painted in 1910 in the church of St Laurent in Grenoble has many swastikas. Brasserie georges croix gammée 10 choses à savoir sur la brasserie Georges - De Lyon en Larg . Olivier Pigoreau: Un espion nazi à Paris. Exemple: "P ris", "P.ris", "P,ris" ou "P*ris" Rechercher. An important early use of the word swastika in a European text was in 1871 with the publications of Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered more than 1,800 ancient samples of the swastika symbol and its variants while digging the Hisarlik mound near the Aegean Sea coast for the history of Troy. In the Chinese block it is U+534D 卍 (left-facing) and U+5350 for the swastika 卐 (right-facing);[38] The latter has a mapping in the original Big5 character set,[39] but the former does not (although it is in Big5+[40]). Freed, S. A. and R. S., "Origin of the Swastika", Dunham, Dows "A Collection of 'Pot-Marks' from Kush and Nubia", Kush, 13, 131–147, 1965, a term coined by Anna Roes, "Tierwirbel", IPEK, 1936–37. Couverture rempliée. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames. It is also widely used by a number of southwestern tribes, most notably the Navajo, and plains nations such as the Dakota. Their origin was the personal coat of arms of Abbot Theoderich Hagn of the monastery in Lambach, which bore a golden swastika with slanted points on a blue field. However, the logo of Finland's air force academy still keeps the swastika symbol.[135]. Lettres connues et inconnues Entrez les lettres connues dans l'ordre et remplacez les lettres inconnues par un espace, un point, une virgule ou une étoile. On the holiday of Diwali, Hindu households commonly use the swastika in decorations. [181], The public display of Nazi-era German flags (or any other flags) is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees the right to freedom of speech. [12][8] The swastika is a sacred symbol in the Bön religion, native to Tibet. [193], In 2005, authorities in Tajikistan called for the widespread adoption of the swastika as a national symbol. Pendant cette année 2006, le groupe a fait des concerts et le 19 novembre, le groupe commence l'enregistrement de Nepenthes.Nepenthes sorti le 25 novembre, est le première demo single. A croix gammée (literally, a hooked cross) is the more common term in French for a swastika. Étymologie. It has been suggested that this swastika may be a stylized picture of a stork in flight. According to chronicles, the Rus' prince Oleg, who in the 9th century attacked Constantinople, nailed his shield (which had a large red swastika painted on it) to the city's gates. [47], The swastika is also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period. Jahrhundert jedoch … After long trials I also found a definite proportion between the size of the flag and the size of the white disk, as well as the shape and thickness of the hooked cross. [8] In the Śvētāmbara tradition, it is also one of the aṣṭamaṅgala or eight auspicious symbols. Croix gammée Kruszwica's mursunsydän. Battersea Shield swastika Nazi swastika Sauwastika Gammadion Cross cramponnée Lauburu. In Armenia the swastika is called the "arevakhach" and "kerkhach" (Armenian: կեռխաչ)[107][dubious – discuss] and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. Chez les hindous, elle symbolisait plutôt la construction (si la croix tourne vers la droite) ou la destruction (si elle tourne vers la gauche) Étoile à 8 branches … [13][14] The symbol is found in the archeological remains of the Indus Valley Civilization [15] and Samarra, as well as in early Byzantine and Christian artwork. [181] An attempt to ban the swastika across the EU in early 2005 failed after objections from the British Government and others. Примеры предназначены только для помощи в переводе искомых слов и выражений в различных контекстах. Compilhistoire - Bienvenue sur Compilhistoire. The swastika was also a heraldic symbol, for example on the Boreyko coat of arms, used by noblemen in Poland and Ukraine. ", When Hitler created a flag for the Nazi Party, he sought to incorporate both the swastika and "those revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honor to the German nation". The Benedictine choir school at Lambach Abbey, Upper Austria, which Hitler attended for several months as a boy, had a swastika chiseled into the monastery portal and also the wall above the spring grotto in the courtyard by 1868. All Jain temples and holy books must contain the swastika and ceremonies typically begin and end with creating a swastika mark several times with rice around the altar.
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